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The ghrelin receptor pathway Ipamorelin mimics ghrelin, the "hunger hormone" produced primarily in the stomach

Receptor-mediated targeting: mannose receptor-targeted nanocarriers (e.g., liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles) decorated with URAT1-specific ligands demonstrate enhanced tubular accumulation, minimizing gastrointestinal adverse effects associated with systemic drug exposure ( 3.6.2 Spatiotemporally controlled sustained-release platforms Microsphere/liposome systems: PLGA- or lipid-encapsulated uricase formulations achieve weeks-to-months sustained release, reducing injection frequency and improving adherence in chronic regimens ( 2 composites) trigger drug release in acidic microenvironments (e.g., inflammation sites and crystal deposits), enhancing local efficacy (Mohamadi Bian and Moghadam, 2025

Mechanistically, GHK-Cu preserved mitochondrial function by increasing mitochondrial membrane potential, alleviating age-related mitochondrial network fragmentation, shifting mitochondrial dynamics toward fusion via regulating drp-1 and fzo-1 expression, and promoting ATP biosynthesis