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Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association

Under inflammatory conditions, pro-inflammatory cytokines [e.g., interferon-gamma (IFN-)] can activate IDO1, diverting Trp metabolism toward the kynurenine (KYN) pathway while inhibiting 5-HT synthesis, resulting in serotonin depletion and exacerbation of neurotransmitter imbalance (Rus et al., 2015)

Together, these data support a temporal model in which mitochondrial stress and iron abnormalities appear early, intensify at the mid-stage and culminate in overt ferroptosis with structural failure in late-stage IDD

Free Radical Biol Med 200:5972 Liubas N, Iskra R, Lubenets V (2023) Antioxidant defense system of rat liver under the influence of thiosulfonate esters